{"id":1677,"date":"2023-03-23T18:19:36","date_gmt":"2023-03-23T10:19:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/?p=1677"},"modified":"2023-04-13T13:20:31","modified_gmt":"2023-04-13T05:20:31","slug":"granary-sticky-rice-and-he-granaries-in-guizhou","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/granary-sticky-rice-and-he-granaries-in-guizhou\/","title":{"rendered":"Granary: Sticky Rice and He Granaries in Guizhou"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><style>#primary {width:100%;} #secondary {display:none;} .entry-header {display:none;} .ele-full-title {font-family:cambria !important;} .ele-full-maintitle {font-family:cambria !important;} .ele-full-subtitle {font-family:cambria !important;} .wp-block-column {font-family:arial;}<\/style>\n<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"ele-full-title has-text-color has-large-font-size\" style=\"color:#538135\"><strong>Granary: Sticky Rice and He Granaries in Guizhou <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"ele-full-subtitle has-black-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:27px\">What is <em>he<\/em>, and why does it hold a special place in people\u2019s heart in Guizhou\u2019s minority communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\">Written by Chaoxiong Zhang<br>Published on 03\/08\/2021<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\">What do granaries look like? Nowadays, many places have built modern mechanized granaries such as large steel and concrete grain silos which can store thousands of tons of grains (Fig. 1). These mechanized granaries are often equipped with intelligent monitoring systems to measure and adjust temperature and moisture. These large granaries are mainly for large-scale grain storage and further processing. However, in rural areas, farmers themselves still need to build their household granaries to secure their everyday life. In China\u2019s southwestern Guizhou province (Fig. 2), both houses and granaries were made of wood or bamboo in the past. Nowadays, although many villagers rebuild concrete or brick houses for living instead, many of them still keep their granaries in the \u201ctraditional\u201d form as the construction allows better preservation of grains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-01.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1692\" width=\"803\" height=\"485\" srcset=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-01.png 1070w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-01-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-01-1024x618.png 1024w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-01-768x464.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 1&nbsp; Steel granaries. Source: Pixabay, <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/silo-wheat-storage-wheat-storage-521758\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/silo-wheat-storage-wheat-storage-521758\/\" target=\"_blank\">pixabay.com<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Physical Construction &amp; Major Functions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-luminous-vivid-amber-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Preventing Dampness:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\">The design and construction of granaries are largely shaped by the local natural environment. Guizhou has a humid subtropical climate, so preventing dampness is crucial to food storage. As mentioned, <em>he<\/em> granaries often adopt a <em>ganlan<\/em> style (\u5e72\u680f or \u5e72\u9611, \u201cstilted\u201d style) which are raised on pillars. This style of architecture is common in Southwest China and Southeast Asia where the weather is humid (Fig. 3). In Guizhou, the pilings of the granaries are often made of pinewood or Chinese fir. The materials and structures of the main body of the granary vary among different ethnic groups. In Dong (\u4f97) and Miao (\u82d7) areas, for example, storehouses are often made of wood. Granaries in Yao (\u7476) area are built in a cylindrical shape with woven bamboo wall and a conic shaped thatched roof. The primary function of such a design is to shield against the rain but at the same time facilitate airflow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-02.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1679\" width=\"803\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-02.jpg 1070w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-02-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-02-1024x767.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-02-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 2 &nbsp;Stilted houses in Laos. Photo by author.&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-luminous-vivid-amber-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong><strong><strong>Fire Prevention<\/strong><\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\">As granaries are made of wood or bamboo, fire prevention is another important concern of farmers. Villagers often build their granaries together right outside their main living area to keep a certain distance from sources of flames. In addition, many granaries are built directly upon fishponds (Fig. 4). Such a design connects to another everyday technology of land use in Guizhou: the rice-fish-duck symbiotic system which cultivates fish, duck, and rice at the same time in rice paddles (Fig. 5). Farmers rear fish seeds in the tank below the granaries and later move the fish fry to paddies after rice transplantation. In this integrated agri-aquaculture ecosystem, fish and duck can enhance water flow and reduce pest and weed, and the excretion of fish and duck can also be natural fertilizer for rice. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations have listed Guizhou Dong\u2019s rice-fish-duck system as a GIAHS (Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System) in 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-03.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1680\" width=\"480\" height=\"644\" srcset=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-03.jpg 640w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-03-224x300.jpg 224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 3 &nbsp;Photo by author.&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-04.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1681\" width=\"803\" height=\"603\" srcset=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-04.jpg 1070w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-04-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-04-1024x769.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-04-768x577.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 4 &nbsp;Rice-fish co-cultivation. Photo by author.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-luminous-vivid-amber-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Rat Prevention:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\">Fish tanks below the granaries also help to stop another main enemy of stored grain: rats. Besides the tanks, there are also other features designed to prevent rats. For example, in Yao villages, there is a kind of <em>he<\/em> granary <em>called tanjiao cang<\/em> (\u7f48\u8173\u5009, jar-footed granary) with ceramic jars covering the four wood pillars (Fig. 6). These specially made jars wear slippery ceramic glaze to stop rats from running along pilings. Smooth stone, wood discs or iron sheet are also used in some areas for rat prevention (Fig. 7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-05.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1682\" width=\"480\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-05.jpg 640w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-05-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 5 &nbsp;A jar-footed granary. Photo by author.&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-06.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1683\" width=\"480\" height=\"635\" srcset=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-06.jpg 640w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-06-227x300.jpg 227w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 6 &nbsp;Iron-sheet-wrapped- pillars. Photo by author.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-luminous-vivid-amber-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Theft Prevention:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\">The design of <em>he<\/em> granary also takes anti-theft function into consideration. To open the door of the storehouse, people have to use heavy objects to strike the door latch. When somebody opens the door, the whole village might hear the sound. People are not allowed to enter the granaries during night time. Besides, a set of social norms were developed to punish thieves. For example, if a person is found stealing other people\u2019s grains, other villagers would request him\/her to bring a certain amount of grains, meat, and wine to all other villagers\u2019 homes and granaries and make a public apology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong><em>He<\/em> and Special Features Designed for <em>He<\/em> Harvest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\">In Southwest China\u2019s Guizhou province, granaries are known as <em>he cang<\/em> (\u79be\u5009). In Chinese, granary is often called <em>liang cang<\/em> (\u7ce7\u5009). Both <em>he<\/em> and <em>liang<\/em> could mean grains or cereals. However, in Guizhou, <em>he<\/em> often refers to a particular category of grains. <em>He<\/em> is not a biological category according to the current taxonomy. Instead, <em>he<\/em> generally means glutinous rice (sticky rice, <em>nuo<\/em> \u7cef), or those that have to be harvested through two special processes: <em>zhai he<\/em> (\u6458\u79be) and <em>he<\/em> <em>liang <\/em>(\u79be\u667e).<sup>[<a href=\"#posts-footnotes\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#posts-footnotes\">1<\/a>]<\/sup> As <em>he<\/em> is hard to be threshed, these two processes are essential. During the harvest, farmers cut the <em>he<\/em> ears one by one with a special tool called <em>zhai he <\/em>knife (\u6458\u79be\u5200) (Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 10). This purpose-built tool has a half-moon-shaped blade which is designed to cut individual <em>he <\/em>ear. The procedure of<em> he liang <\/em>(hanging out and dying <em>he<\/em>) is also required. During <em>he liang,<\/em> grain ears are bundled up and hung on <em>he liang<\/em> shelves (\u79be\u667e\u67b6) (Fig. 11, Fig. 12). After drying the ears in the sun for about 20-30 days, <em>he<\/em> ears would be stored in granaries. Farmers do not thresh and dehull the grains until the time of cooking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-07.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1684\" width=\"480\" height=\"642\" srcset=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-07.jpg 640w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-07-224x300.jpg 224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 7 &nbsp;A villager harvesting <em>he<\/em> by using a <em>zhai he<\/em> knife in her right hand. Photo by Guofeng Zhang.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-08.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1685\" width=\"803\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-08.jpg 1070w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-08-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-08-1024x766.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-08-768x574.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 8 &nbsp;A <em>zhai he<\/em> knife. Photo by Guofeng Zhang.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-09.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1686\" width=\"803\" height=\"603\" srcset=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-09.jpg 1070w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-09-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-09-1024x769.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-09-768x577.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 9&nbsp; <em>Zhai he<\/em> knives. Photo by author.&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-10.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1687\" width=\"480\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-10.jpg 640w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-10-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 10 &nbsp;Bundled up <em>he<\/em> ears. Photo by author.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1688\" width=\"803\" height=\"603\" srcset=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-11.jpg 1070w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-11-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-11-1024x769.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-11-768x577.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 11 &nbsp;<em>He liang<\/em> shelves (\u79be\u667e\u67b6). Photo by author.&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>The Importance of <em>He<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><em>He<\/em> holds great ritual significance and has important symbolic meanings in many ethnic groups in Guizhou. It is used in various rites of passage such as birth, wedding, and funerals, as well as in many other ritual occasions, for example, fortune telling, expelling ghost and communicating with ancestors. Therefore, the way to harvest, dry, and store <em>he<\/em> within the ears is not only because of the difficulties of threshing, but also because farmers need to make sure the <em>he<\/em> seeds do not mix up with other kinds of grains to keep its \u201cpurity\u201d. In some areas, only <em>he<\/em> can be stored in granaries in order to prevent \u201ccontamination\u201d from other grains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\">The variety of <em>he<\/em> seeds is another major concern of farmers. Guizhou is located in Southwest China and is a part of South China Karst, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2007. Karst is a special type of landscape formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks and is often characterized by rocky and barren ground. In China, Guizhou is the only province with no plain. The Karst hills landscape (Fig. 13) places severe constraints on large-scale agriculture but enables rich biodiversity. In Guizhou\u2019s Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture (\u9ed4\u6771\u5357\u82d7\u65cf\u4f97\u65cf\u81ea\u6cbb\u5dde), the center of the <em>he<\/em> culture in Guizhou, there are more than 250 different varieties of <em>he<\/em>. During harvest and storage, farmers carefully separate different kinds of <em>he<\/em> seeds to ensure they are not mixed up with each other. <em>He <\/em>seeds are important gifts for exchange and thus crucial for building connections between local communities and forming regional alliances.<sup>[<a href=\"#posts-footnotes\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#posts-footnotes\">2<\/a>]<\/sup> Therefore, even if a farmer owns a variety of <em>he<\/em> that does not suit to his\/her own land, he or she would preserve the seeds in case people from other places find this variety useful. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\">The medical value of <em>he<\/em> for both domestic animals and human is also recognized among many local groups. For example, when cows suffered from difficult calving, villagers would feed cows with <em>he<\/em>. In <em>Shui<\/em> (\u6c34\u65cf) area, when the newborns get neonatal jaundice, their parents would use a special kind of black <em>he<\/em> soaked water to wipe their children\u2019s oral cavity. The roots of <em>he<\/em> plant are also used to treat many diseases such as to clear deficient heat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-12.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1689\" width=\"803\" height=\"693\" srcset=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-12.png 1070w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-12-300x259.png 300w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-12-1024x884.png 1024w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-12-768x663.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 12 &nbsp;The Karst landscape in Guizhou. Photo by author.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong><em>He<\/em><\/strong><strong> and<em> He<\/em> Granaries: Past and Future&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\">The changes of the design and construction of <em>he <\/em>granaries are also in relation to the history of governance in Southwest China. Since Qing dynasty, successive governments have started to promote high-yielding non-glutinous rice varieties, <em>xian<\/em> (\u7c7c). The process of <em>nuo<\/em>-to-<em>xian<\/em> or <em>he<\/em>-to-<em>xian<\/em> (\u7cef\u6539\u7c7c, or \u79be\u6539\u7c7c) involves three periods.<sup>[<a href=\"#posts-footnotes\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#posts-footnotes\">3<\/a>]<\/sup> The first phase was during <em>gaitu guiliu<\/em> (\u6539\u571f\u6b78\u6d41, integrating chieftain into official administration) in the Qing dynasty (1644-1912): Han people migrated to Southwest China and brought population pressure as well as the seeds and the culture of <em>xian <\/em>rice. The second stage was during Republican China (1912-1949): the Republican government continued to promote <em>he<\/em>-to-<em>xian<\/em> by providing subsidy and setting <em>he<\/em> price restriction. The largest-scale <em>he<\/em>-to-<em>xian<\/em> occurred during the People\u2019s Republic of China (1949- ), especially during the Great Leap Forward (1958-1960). During this period, to increase crop yields was not only a response to population growth but also a strict political goal. Planting <em>he <\/em>was not even allowed in some areas. Later in the 1980s, the Chinese government put intensive efforts into promoting hybrid rice. Both <em>he <\/em>production and diversity dropped dramatically after the three phases of <em>he<\/em>-to-<em>xian <\/em>transition.<sup>[<a href=\"#posts-footnotes\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#posts-footnotes\">4<\/a>]<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\">As <em>xian<\/em> rice does not need to be dried in the sun for a long time, and can simply be threshed by machines, <em>he liang <\/em>shelves have been integrated into the main granaries or totally abandoned in many villages (Fig. 14). Also, as seeds from hybrid rice cannot be saved for re-planting, these grains lost the function as seeds and <em>he<\/em> granaries have also lost many of their social and cultural functions. Indeed, as hybrid rice growing requires chemical fertilizers and pesticides, farmers could no longer integrate rice farming into the rice-fish-duck system. Therefore, the tanks below granaries used for fry nurturing also lost this function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-13.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1690\" width=\"480\" height=\"639\" srcset=\"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-13.jpg 640w, https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/19-granary-01-fig-13-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 13 &nbsp;Integrated <em>he liang<\/em> shelves. Photo by author.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\">In recent years, the Chinese government has relaxed the policy on hybrid rice growing. Farmers can decide what kind of crops they want to plant. Thus, we observed a revival of <em>he<\/em> planation, along with the rebuilding of <em>he<\/em> granaries and <em>he liang<\/em> shelves in some places. Such a revival also increasingly links to many people\u2019s increasing awareness of their ethnic identity and the development of cultural tourism. But on the other hand, as many villagers leave for work in urban areas, agricultural activities and production decreased significantly. Many households do not need an independent granary and simply store their food inside their houses. Therefore, many granaries have been totally abandoned. In recent years, tourism companies and NGOs have transformed some of these abandoned granaries into hostels as a form of cultural conservation as well as a way to attract visitors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Footnotes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol id=\"posts-footnotes\">\n<li>Yang Li \u6768\u9ece, Zhou Dingsheng \u5468\u5b9a\u751f, Zheng Guiyun \u90d1\u6842\u4e91, Yang Hua \u6768\u534e, and Shu Na \u8212\u5a1c, \u201cQian dongnan yuanshengtai nongjian wenhua \u2014\u2014 he\u201d \u9ed4\u4e1c\u5357\u539f\u751f\u6001\u519c\u8015\u6587\u5316\u2014\u2014\u79be [The Original Ecological Farming Culture in Qiandongnan Prefecture, Guizhou], <em>Guizhou Agricultural Sciences <\/em>\u8d35\u5dde\u519c\u4e1a\u79d1\u5b66 (2008) 4, no. 36: 23-26.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cao Duanbo \u66f9\u7aef\u6ce2, \u201cNuohe yu jiaohuan: Duliu Jiang liuyu Dongzu de daozuo wenhua yu shehui wangluo\u201d&nbsp; \u7cef\u79be\u4e0e\u4ea4\u6362\uff1a\u90fd\u67f3\u6c5f\u6d41\u57df\u4f97\u65cf\u7684\u7a3b\u4f5c\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7f51\u7edc [Stick Rice and Exchange: Rice-planting Culture and Social Network of Dong Ethnic Group in Duliu River Basin], <em>Journal of China Agricultural University (Social Sciences) <\/em>\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u4e1a\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248\uff093, no. 33: 66-75.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yan qiyan \u4e25\u5947\u5ca9, \u201cQian dongnan diqu \u2018nuohe gai xiandao\u2019 de lishi kaocha\u201d \u9ed4\u4e1c\u5357\u5730\u533a\u201c\u7cef\u79be\u6539\u7c7c\u7a3b\u201d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8003\u5bdf [A Historic Examination on Crops planting From Glutinous Rice Indica rice in the Southeast Guizhou], <em>Ancient and Modern Agriculture <\/em>\u53e4\u4eca\u519c\u4e1a 3 (2008): 29-36; Yang Zhuhui \u6768\u7b51\u6167, \u201cDongzu nuodao zhongzhi de lishi bianqian \u2014\u2014 yi Qian dongnan Li, Rong, Cong wei li\u201d \u4f97\u65cf\u7cef\u7a3b\u79cd\u690d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d8\u8fc1\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u9ed4\u4e1c\u5357\u9ece\u3001\u6995\u3001\u4ece\u4e3a\u4f8b [A historical study of the growing of glutinous rice by the Dong ethnic group: A case study in southeast Guizhou Province], <em>Journal of Yunnan Minzu University (Philosophy and Social Sciences edition) <\/em>\u4e91\u5357\u6c11\u65cf\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\uff08\u54f2\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248\uff09v. 31; no. 156 (2014): 53-61.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Long Chufan \u9f99\u521d\u51e1, and Kong Bei \u5b54\u84d3, \u201cDongzu nuohe zhongzhi de chuantong zhishi yanjiu \u2014\u2014 yi Guizhou sheng Congjiang xian Gaoqian Dong zhai nuohe zhongzhi wei li\u201d \u4f97\u65cf\u7cef\u79be\u79cd\u690d\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u7814\u7a76\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u8d35\u5dde\u7701\u4ece\u6c5f\u53bf\u9ad8\u8fc1\u4f97\u5be8\u7cef\u79be\u79cd\u690d\u4e3a\u4f8b [A study of traditional knowledge of <em>he<\/em> planation of the Dong people \u2013 an example of <em>he<\/em> planation in Dong stockaded village, Congjiang County, Guizhou Province], <em>Journal of Ethnic Culture<\/em> \u539f\u751f\u6001\u6c11\u65cf\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u520a 4 , v. 4, no. 16 (2012): 121-125.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<form>\n <input type=\"button\" value=\"Back\" onclick=\"history.back()\" style=\"border-block-color: #71ea00; border-color: #71ea00; background: white; color: #71ea00; float: right; height: 40px; border-radius: 100px; padding: 0.333em 1.333em; box-shadow:none; text-shadow:none; border-width: 2px 2px 2px 2px; font-size: 1.125em;\" \"=\"\">\n<\/form>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<style>.excerpt-style {color:#538135;display:inline-block;font-weight:bold;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"excerpt-style\">Granary: Sticky Rice and He Granaries in Guizhou<\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>What is <i>he<\/i>, and why does it hold a special place in people\u2019s heart in Guizhou\u2019s minority communities. &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1691,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1677"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1677"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1677\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2144,"href":"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1677\/revisions\/2144"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1691"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1677"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1677"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/angelaleung.site\/mmea19\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1677"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}